1 / | | 1 | ------ dx | /x\ | sin|-| | \a/ | / 0
/ | | 1 | ------ dx | /x\ | sin|-| | \a/ | /
1 ------ /x\ sin|-| \a/
/x\ sin|-| \a/
/x\
sin|-|
1 \a/
------ = -------
/x\ 2/x\
sin|-| sin |-|
\a/ \a/sin(a)^2 + cos(a)^2 = 1
2/x\ 2/x\
sin |-| = 1 - cos |-|
\a/ \a/ /x\ /x\
sin|-| sin|-|
\a/ \a/
------- = -----------
2/x\ 2/x\
sin |-| 1 - cos |-|
\a/ \a/ /x\
u = cos|-|
\a// | | /x\ | sin|-| | \a/ | ----------- dx = | 2/x\ | 1 - cos |-| | \a/ | /
/ | | /x\ | sin|-| | \a/ | ----------- dx = | 2/x\ | 1 - cos |-| | \a/ | /
/ | | /x\ | sin|-| | \a/ | ----------- du | 2/x\ | 1 - cos |-| | \a/ | /
/x\
sin|-|
\a/ -a / 1 1 \
----------- = ---*|----- + -----|
2/x\ 2 \1 - u 1 + u/
1 - cos |-|
\a/ / / / \
| | | |
/ | | 1 | 1 |
| -a*| | ----- du + | ----- du|
| /x\ | | 1 + u | 1 - u |
| sin|-| | | | |
| \a/ \/ / / =
| ----------- du = -------------------------------
| 2/x\ 2
| 1 - cos |-|
| \a/
|
/ = u*sin(x/a)/(1 - cos(x/a)^2)
/x\
u = cos|-|
\a/ / 1
/ | 0 for - = 0
| | a
| 1 |
| ------ dx = < / / /x\\ / /x\\\
| /x\ | |log|-1 + cos|-|| log|1 + cos|-||| + C0
| sin|-| | | \ \a// \ \a//|
| \a/ |a*|---------------- - ---------------| otherwise
| \ \ 2 2 /
/
1 1 / / | | | 1 | 1 | ------ dx = | ------ dx | /x\ | /x\ | sin|-| | sin|-| | \a/ | \a/ | | / / 0 0
// 1 \ / || 0 for - = 0| | || a | | 1 || | | ------ dx = C + |< / / /x\\ / /x\\\ | | /x\ || |log|-1 + cos|-|| log|1 + cos|-||| | | sin|-| || | \ \a// \ \a//| | | \a/ ||a*|---------------- - ---------------| otherwise| | \\ \ 2 2 / / /